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Overview[edit]

The English name is derived from the large and distinctive mandibles found on the males of most species, which resemble the antlers of stags.

A well-known species in much of Europe is Lucanus cervus, referred to in some European countries (including the United Kingdom) as the stag beetle; it is the largest terrestrial insect in Europe. Pliny the Elder noted that Nigidius called the beetle lucanus after the Italian region of Lucania where they were used as amulets. The scientific name of Lucanus cervus adds cervus, deer.

Male stag beetles are known for their oversize mandibles used to wrestle each other for favoured mating sites in a way that parallels the way stags fight over females. Fights may also be over food, such as tree sap and decaying fruits. Despite their often fearsome appearance, they are not normally aggressive to humans. During a battle the main objective is to dislodge its opponent’s tarsal claws with its mandible, thus disrupting their balance. Because its mandibles are capable of exceeding its own body size, stag beetles are generally inefficient runners, and typically fly from one location to another. ^[2]

Female stag beetles are usually smaller than the males, with smaller mandibles that are much more powerful than the males’.^[3] As larvae, females are distinguished by their cream-coloured, fat ovaries visible through the skin around two-thirds of the way down their back.

The larvae feed for several years on rotting wood, growing through three larval stages until eventually pupating inside a pupal cell constructed from surrounding wood pieces and soil particles. In the final larval stage, “L3”, the surviving grubs of larger species, such as Prosopocoilus giraffa, may be the size of a human finger.

In England’s New Forest, it was once believed that the stag beetle, dubbed the “devil’s imp,” was sent to do some evil to the corn crops. The superstition led to stoning the insects on sight, as observed by a writer in the Notes and Queries.^[4]
Along with rhinoceros beetles, stag beetles are often bought as pets in South Korea and Japan.^[5][6]

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名称[編集]

科名の和名であるクワガタムシとは、少なからぬ種の雄成虫が持つ巨大な大顎が、平安時代以降の武将が戦闘の際に被っていた兜についている「鍬形」に似ていることに由来する俗称^[要出典]であり、そのような大顎を持つ甲虫の総称である^[要出典]。

英語では「Stag beetle」と表現され、stagは「雄鹿」、beetleは「甲虫」を意味し、フランス語では「Cerf-volant」と表現され、cerfは「鹿」、volantは「飛ぶ」を意味している。どちらも、クワガタムシの大顎を「鹿の角」になぞらえたものである。また、他のヨーロッパの諸言語、韓国語においても同様に「鹿の角」が由来の呼称が使われている。中国語では「鍬形蟲」と表現され、日本語に近い。

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