sea of japan| 有名人の最新ニュースを読者にお届けします。

私たちは、人々が好きな有名人について読んで、それについて気分を良くすることができるスペースを作りたかったのです.私たちは、人々が有名人についてポジティブな方法でゴシップできる場所を作りたかった.
私たちは、何年もの間、日本のエンターテインメント ニュースを生き、呼吸してきた情熱的なエンターテインメント ニュース ジャンキーの小さなチームです。

sea of japan, 2019-05-29, U.S. State Department explains “Sea of Japan” is official name in accordance to …, 美, 트럼프 `일본해` 언급에 “美지명위의 명칭…한일협력 권고”

The U.S. State Department has explained that “Sea of Japan” is the official name Washington uses to describe the body of water between the Korean Peninsula and Japan.
South Korea’s Yonhap News Agency reports that an official from the State Department responded to a written inquiry,… saying the name complies with the U.S. Board on Geographical Naming.
The official also suggested Seoul and Tokyo reach an agreement on the naming
Following President Trump’s mentioning of the “Sea of Japan” while meeting with American troops in Japan,… the South Korean government reiterated its stance that “East Sea” must be jointly used.

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Names

Sea of Japan is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and the name in most European languages is equivalent, but it is sometimes called by different names in surrounding countries.

The sea is called Rìběn hǎi (日本海, literally “Japan Sea”) or originally Jīng hǎi (鲸海, literally “Whale Sea”) in China,^[2] Yaponskoye more (Японское море, literally “Japanese Sea”) in Russia, Chosŏn Tonghae (조선동해, literally “Korean East Sea”) in North Korea, and Donghae (동해, literally “East Sea”) in South Korea. A naming dispute exists about the sea name, with South Korea promoting the English translation of its native name as the East Sea.

Naming dispute

The use of the term “Sea of Japan” as the dominant name is a point of contention. South Korea wants the name “East Sea” to be used, either instead of or in addition to “Sea of Japan;”^[3][4] while North Korea prefers the name “East Sea of Korea”.^[5]

The primary issue in the dispute revolves around a disagreement about when the name “Sea of Japan” became the international standard. Japan claims the term has been the international standard since at least the early 19th century,^[6] while the Koreas claim that the term “Sea of Japan” arose later while Korea was under Japanese rule, and before that occupation, other names such as “Sea of Korea” or “East Sea” were used in English.^[7] The sea is referred to as the Sea of Japan according to the Encyclopædia Britannica.^[8] In 2012, the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), the intergovernmental organization that maintains a publication listing the limits of ocean and sea areas around the world, abandoned its most recent of several attempts in the last 25 years to revise its publication of the sea’s name. This was primarily because of the lack of agreement between the Koreas and Japan over the naming issue.^[9] In September 2020, the IHO announced that it would adopt a new numerical system, also known as “S-130”. In November 2020, S-23, the previous version of the nautical chart made in 1953 will be made public as an IHO publication to demonstrate the evolutionary process from the analogue to the digital era. The IHO approved the proposal of the new official nautical chart. The new chart will be marked with a numerical identifier without a name. ^[10][11]

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Arguments

Both sides in the dispute have put forward a number of arguments to support their claims.

Arguments based on historical maps

Arguments from North Korea

North Korea favors the exclusive use of the more nationalistic “Korean East Sea” or “East Sea of Korea” (조선동해/朝鮮東海)^{[6][failed verification]} There are currently as of 2019 no known published maps on behalf of the North Korean government to assert their claims on the nomenclature “Korean East Sea” or “East Sea of Korea”. No American, European, Chinese, or Japanese academic scholarship has been able to independently verify the North Koreans’ nomenclature claims, nor has the IHO committee considered North Korea’s request seriously.^{[citation needed]}

Arguments from South Korea

According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for South Korea, the name Donghae (동해, literally East Sea) has been used in Korea for over 2,000 years, including in History of the Three Kingdoms (三國史記, 1145),^[7] the monument of King Gwanggaeto, and “Map of Eight Provinces of Korea” (八道總圖, 1530).^[8] The first documented map to name the area the Sea of Japan was the world map drawn by the Italian missionary Matteo Ricci in China (1602) named Kunyu Wanguo Quantu (坤輿萬國全圖). No Japanese record published up to the late-18th century indicated any name for the body of water.^[9] Furthermore, South Korea has pointed out that a few 19th-century Japanese maps referred to the sea as Chōsenkai (朝鮮海, literally Sea of Joseon), including the “Simplified Map of Japan’s Periphery” (日本邊界略圖, 1809) and “New World Map” (新製輿地全圖, 1844).^[8] South Korea argues there was no standard name prior to Japan’s military expansion in the region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Additionally, it specifically states that the name Sea of Japan was not widely used, even in Japan, as late as the mid 19th century.^[10] Thus, South Korea argues that the current name reflects active promotion by Japan during a time when Korea could not represent its interests internationally.^[11] In 1992, the name “East Sea” was agreed upon in South Korea and claimed by the country for the sea during its participation in the U.N. Conference on Standardization of Geographical Names.^[12]

Arguments from Japan

The Japanese government claims that the name Sea of Japan was internationally used since the 17th century and established by the early 19th century, during a period in which Japan was under an isolationist policy (Sakoku) of the Tokugawa shogunate, which restricted cultural exchange and commerce with foreign countries except China and the Netherlands until 1854.^[13][14] Accordingly, they state, Japan could not have, at that time, had an influence on the international community regarding the naming of the sea.^[14]

The invention of the marine chronometer in the late 18th century enabled Western explorers, such as Jean-François de Galaup from France, William Robert Broughton from Britain, and Adam Johann von Krusenstern (Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern) from Russia, to measure time and longitudes on the sea precisely and map the detailed shape of the Sea of Japan.^[14] Krusenstern was an admiral and explorer, who led the first Russian circumnavigation of the globe.^[15] According to Japanese records, it was Krusenstern who popularized the name “Mer du Japon” (Sea of Japan) in the West. In his work “Reise um die Welt in den Jahren” (1812), he wrote, “People also call this sea area the Sea of Korea, but because only a small part of this sea touches the Korean coast, it is better to name it the Sea of Japan.”^[14] The original book was published in St. Petersburg in German and Russian, translated into Dutch, French, Swedish, Italian and English, and distributed widely among Europe.^[14] As a result, the international name of the sea changed from no name to the Sea of Japan, on the maps drawn by countries other than Japan or Korea during the 17th to 20th centuries.^[14] Thus, the Japanese side argues that the South Koreans misunderstand the history of the name.

Surveys of antiquarian maps

To provide evidence for the date when Sea of Japan came to be used internationally, both South Korea and Japan have undertaken surveys of various historical maps.

In 2004, South Korea surveyed ancient maps archived in the British Library, the Cambridge University Library, the University of Southern California (USC) East Asian Map Collection, the U.S. Library of Congress, the National Library of Russia, and the French National Library. South Korean researchers examined 762 maps. They found that 440 maps had used Sea of Korea (Corea), Oriental Sea/East Sea, 122 had used Sea of Japan, and 200 had used other terms.^[17] In the French language, the word orientale includes both the meaning of “eastern” related to compass direction and the meaning of “oriental”, the Asiatic region. The same ambiguity is present in the Russian language, with both “eastern” and “oriental” indicated by one word.

From 2003 to 2008, Japan conducted a number of surveys of different collections. In 2010, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) published their conclusions; they found that among 1,332 maps from the Berlin Library, 279 used Sea of Korea, Oriental Sea, or East Sea (or some combination thereof), 579 used Sea of Japan exclusively, 47 used China Sea (with or without other names), 33 used another term, and 384 used no term.^[18] MOFA said the Struck collection (a collection of antiquarian maps owned by a European map collector) showed that out of 79 maps, 35 used Sea of Japan, 9 used the Sea of Korea, 2 used Oriental Sea, and 33 were unmarked.^[18] MOFA reported that among four Russian libraries and document archives holding 51 maps, 29 used Sea of Japan, 8 used Sea of Korea, 1 used Korea Strait, 1 used East Sea, 1 used Sea of China, and 11 used no name.^[19] MOFA said that among 1,213 maps from the U.S. Library of Congress, ones that gave a name for this body of water showed that 87 percent used Sea of Japan, 8 percent used Sea of Korea, 5 percent used other terms, and none used Oriental Sea or East Sea.^[20] Similarly, MOFA said that 58 maps from the British Library and the University of Cambridge showed 86 percent used Sea of Japan, 14 percent used Sea of Korea, and none used Oriental Sea, East Sea, or other terms.^[20] MOFA said that they looked at 1,485 maps in the French National Library. They reported that 95 percent of 215 French maps used Sea of Japan.^[20]

In November 2007, the National Geographic Information Institute of South Korea published a report on a survey of 400 ancient maps.^[21] According to the report, nine maps used East Sea for the water currently called Sea of Japan, while 31 maps used East Sea for the water currently called East China Sea. The number of maps that used Sea of Japan is not disclosed. Furthermore, the report says “In the late 18th century (1790–1830) the name Sea of Japan emerged. From the 19th century (1830 onward), there was a rapid increase in the use of the name Sea of Japan.” Japan stated, “This clearly shows the fallacy of the ROK’s assertion that the name Sea of Japan was the result of the Japanese policy of expansionism and colonial rule, and can be interpreted as affirming that the name Sea of Japan was in widespread use well before Japan’s colonial rule over the Korean Peninsula”.^[22]

Geographical arguments

Japan argues that, the name Sea of Japan has been and should be used because the marginal sea is separated from the Pacific Ocean by the Japanese Archipelago.^[23] Korea argues that the adjective “East” describes its geographical position east of the Asian continent, although it is west of Japan and south of Russia. It states that this is analogous to the North Sea, which lies north of the European continent, but west of Scandinavian countries and east of Great Britain.^[11]
However Koreans call the sea on their east side the East Sea (동해, 東海, Donghae),^[24] on their south side the South Sea (남해, 南海, Namhae),^[25] and on their west side the West Sea (서해, 西海, Seohae).^{[26][27][28][29]}

Arguments relating to ambiguity

The Japanese Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department of the Japanese Coast Guard has claimed that the name East Sea is confusing and unsuitable as an international geographic name, because the local name for a variety of seas can be translated into English as East Sea. Examples include Dōng Hǎi (东海), the Chinese name for the East China Sea; Biển Đông, the Vietnamese name for the South China Sea; and the Baltic Sea, whose name is equivalent to East Sea in several European languages such as German (Ostsee), Swedish (Östersjön) and Finnish (Itämeri).^[14] East Sea is officially used as an English name for the body of water by the Government of Vietnam^[14] and the Government of Vietnam thusly uses East Sea for South China Sea in its English-language publications;^[30][31]
likewise, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China uses ‘East Sea’ for the East China Sea in its English-language publications.^[32][33]
Even within Japan itself the term East Sea (東海, Tōkai) is already used to refer to the parts of the Pacific Ocean east of middle and upper Honshu, as can be seen in the naming of the Tōkaidō region and the Tōkai region.
The Japanese government is concerned that the name change could set a bad precedent and cause more naming disputes worldwide.^[14]

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Subcategories

This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total.

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Subcategories

This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total.

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当該海域の呼称[編集]

国際水路機関における呼称[編集]

国際水路機関 (IHO) は、各国の海図における海洋の名称とその境界の基準となる「大洋と海の境界」（”Limits of Oceans and Seas”, Special Publication No. 23、以降は「S-23」と略称）を定めている。これによれば、この海域の呼称はS-23の初版（1928年）から第3版（1953年）まで一貫して「Japan Sea」である（「Sea of Japan」ではないことに注意）^[3][4]。

これを踏襲して、日本の海上保安庁海洋情報部は「日本海 (Japan Sea)」を用いている^[8]が、英語版のHPにおいては「the name Sea of Japan (Japan Sea)」と「Japan Sea」の語を括弧書きにしており、「Sea of Japan」の名称を優先させているとも解釈できる表記を採用している^[9]。これに対して、日本の外務省の英文による文書では「Sea of Japan」となっている^[10]。

各国における呼称[編集]

ほか、フランス語では”Mer du Japon“、スペイン語では”Mar del Japón“、ドイツ語では、”Japanisches Meer“、イタリア語では”Mar del Giappone“となっており、他言語においても当該海域は「日本海」として認識されている。

その他各国での「東海」(East Sea) の使用例[編集]

韓国側が主張している「東海」という名称は、他の国・言語においても海域の名称としてすでに使用されている。それぞれの自国を中心とした視点では、自国西側にある海を「西の海」、東側にある海を「東の海」、さらに北の海や南の海と呼ぶのは当然であり、アメリカ合衆国の本土の住民が太平洋を「西の海」、大西洋を「東の海」と捉え、アメリカ本土のローカル言語においてそう俗称していることは間違った行為ではない。ただしフランス人に対してアメリカ人が大西洋を「東の海」と言っても、フランスからの視点では「西の海」でありこれは通用しない。あくまで各々のローカル言語での俗称であり、ましてやアメリカ人がフランス人に「東の海」呼称を強要することはあり得ない。

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範囲

ユーラシア大陸と樺太の間の間宮海峡（タタール海峡）、樺太と北海道の間の宗谷海峡でオホーツク海と繋がっており、北海道と本州の間の津軽海峡では太平洋と、九州と対馬の間の対馬海峡東水道、対馬と韓国の間の対馬海峡で東シナ海と繋がっている。

国際水路機関 (IHO:International Hydrographic Organization) の「大洋と海の境界 (S-23)」による日本海の境界は、北東では外満州のSushcheva岬と樺太西岸のTuik岬とを結ぶ線、樺太南端の西能登呂岬（またはクズネツォワ岬）と北海道北端の宗谷岬（または野寒布岬）とを結ぶ線、道南の恵山岬と青森県の尻屋崎とを結ぶ線、南東では山口県下関市の村崎ノ鼻、六連島、北九州市の八幡岬とを結ぶ線、および南西では長崎県の野母崎、福江島の大瀬埼、韓国済州島最南端のプナム崎、全羅南道の玉島、珍島を結ぶ線で囲まれる海域となっており^[1][2][3][4]、南西部では対馬海峡・朝鮮海峡よりも西の五島列島や韓国南部まで含まれている。しかし、一般的には九州北西部、特に長崎県西方や五島列島周辺の海域を「日本海」と呼ぶことは少なく、環境省^[5]や気象庁^[6][7]、長崎県^[8]などの資料では、これらの海域を日本海に含まず、東シナ海の一部とするなどしている。

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