poaching| 有名人の最新ニュースを読者にお届けします。

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poaching, 2017-01-31, How to Poach Eggs For Beginners | Food Network, These easy steps will have you poaching eggs to perfection in no time.

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How to Poach Eggs For Beginners | Food Network
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poachingの
文法情報

「poaching」は動詞「poach」の現在分詞です

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poachの学習レベル

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poachingの使い方と意味

• poaching

  【名】

  1. 密猟｛みつりょう｝
  2. 他人｛たにん｝の領域｛りょういき｝［権利｛けんり｝］の侵害｛しんがい｝

• poaching of rhino horn

  サイの角の密猟｛みつりょう｝

• poaching ring

  《a ～》密猟組織｛みつりょう そしき｝

• anti-poaching

  【形】

  〔人材｛じんざい｝の〕引き抜｛ぬ｝きを禁止｛きんし｝［防止｛ぼうし｝］しようとする

• anti-poaching conspiracies

  → anti-poaching conspiracy

• anti-poaching conspiracy

  〔複数｛ふくすう｝の企業｛きぎょう｝による人材｛じんざい｝の〕引き抜｛ぬ｝き禁止｛きんし｝［防止｛ぼうし｝］の共謀｛きょうぼう｝

• control poaching

  密猟｛みつりょう｝を取り締｛し｝まる

• coral poaching

  サンゴの密漁｛みつりょう｝

• fish poaching

  密漁｛みつりょう｝

詳細については、次の URL をご覧ください。……

概要[編集]

密猟の対象となる動物は、ペットとして求められる場合もあれば、牙など一部の部位のみを求める場合、さらにはグルメや漢方薬の材料として求められる場合など様々なケースがあるが^[1]、いずれも標的となった動物がその土地からいなくなることに変わりはない。特に、絶滅が危惧されている動物や需要がある動物は、裏のルートでは高値が付く^[2]。そのため、法律で規制されていても、密猟が摘発される事例は後を絶たず、摘発者が殺害される事例も存在する^[3]。

絶滅が危惧されている動物は、その個体数自体が僅かであるため、たとえ一頭だけが採取されたとしても、種の存続に多大なダメージを負う可能性もある。実際、人間による乱獲が原因で動物が絶滅した事例は、枚挙にいとまがない。

そのため、密猟行為は厳重に取り締まらなければならないのだが、これら密猟の標的になりやすい貴重な動物は、特にアフリカや東南アジアなど国家財政が厳しい国家に分布しているケースも多い。これらの国家では、まずは国民が豊かになる施策こそが重要であり、動物保護は後回しにされてしまう。さらに、官僚の汚職が進行している国家では、密猟を取り締まるべき法執行機関が賄賂によって懐柔されたり、時には治安当局者自らが密猟に参加することさえある^[4][5]。このように、世界的には密猟への対策が十分に取られているとは言い難い。

2000年代後半になると、大規模なゾウの密猟が目立つようになったと言われる^[6]。内戦などによる紛争によって供給されたカラシニコフ式自動小銃などの軍事用武器が密猟に転用されている技術的背景や、現代における象牙消費の中心であるアジア（特に中国やタイ）での需要拡大といった経済的背景が影響している^[6]。

一方、密猟取り締まりの過程で、地域住民の狩猟道具や仕事用品の没収、抵抗する住民への虐待が報告されている^[6]。狩猟道具を奪われた結果、地域住民が動物性タンパク質を自給できない状態が懸念され、生活実態と狩猟実態の乖離を見直す必要性が提唱されているほか^[6]、密猟取り締まりとゾウによる農業被害の二重苦が生じているとも指摘されている^[7]。

自然保護団体による先住民への人権蹂躙も懸念されており、国際NGO「Survival International」は、世界自然保護基金の先住民の権利侵害を告発するビデオをYouTubeに公開している^[8]。

その中で、住民は次のように語っている。

保全活動家はもうたくさん。私たちバカ・ピグミーで、彼らと同じ制服を着ている人が一人でもいるでしょうか？彼ら保全活動家は、私達から得たお金を分けてくれますか？ そんなことはあった試しがありません。彼らの仕事はただ、森を駄目にするだけ。私たちは、スポーツ・ハンティングのお客さんにも来てほしくない。彼らから私たちが得るものは何もないから。スポーツ・ハンターと保全活動家は、森を駄目にしてるだけ。彼らは良くない。彼ら白人があなたを森の中で見つけたら、動物のように殺すでしょう。まるであなたを動物だと見ているかのようにして。いったい全体、なんで白人が私が森の食べ物を口にしたいかどうかってことに、いちいちいちゃもんをつけられるって言うのかしら。

詳細については、次の URL をご覧ください。……

Legal aspects[edit]

In 1998, environmental scientists from the University of Massachusetts Amherst proposed the concept of poaching as an environmental crime and defined as any illegal activity that contravenes the laws and regulations established to protect renewable natural resources, including the illegal harvest of wildlife with the intention of possessing, transporting, consuming or selling it and using its body parts. They considered poaching as one of the most serious threats to the survival of plant and animal populations.^[6] Wildlife biologists and conservationists consider poaching to have a detrimental effect on biodiversity both within and outside protected areas as wildlife populations decline, species are depleted locally, and the functionality of ecosystems is disturbed.^[10]

Continental Europe[edit]

Austria and Germany refer to poaching not as theft but as intrusion into third-party hunting rights.^[12] While ancient Germanic law allowed any free man, including peasants, to hunt, especially on common land, Roman law restricted hunting to the rulers. In medieval Europe rulers of feudal territories from the king downward tried to enforce exclusive rights of the nobility to hunt and fish on the lands that they ruled. Poaching was deemed a serious crime punishable by imprisonment, but enforcement was comparably weak until the 16th century. Peasants were still allowed to continue small game hunting, but the right of the nobility to hunt was restricted in the 16th century and transferred to land ownership. The low quality of guns made it necessary to approach the game as close as 30 m (100 ft). Poachers in the Salzburg region were typically unmarried men around 30 years of age and usually alone on their illegal trade.^[13]

The development of modern hunting rights is closely connected to the comparatively modern idea of exclusive private ownership of land. In the 17th and the 18th centuries, the restrictions on hunting and shooting rights on private property were enforced by gamekeepers and foresters. They denied shared usage of forests, such as resin collection and wood pasture and the peasants right to hunt and fish. However, by end of the 18th century, comparably-easy access to rifles increasingly allowed peasants and servants to poach.^[14] Hunting was used in the 18th century as a theatrical^{[clarification needed]} demonstration of the aristocratic rule of the land and also had a strong impact on land use patterns.^[15] Poaching not only interfered with property rights but also clashed symbolically with the power of the nobility. Between 1830 and 1848, poaching and poaching-related deaths increased in Bavaria.^[16] The German revolutions of 1848–49 were interpreted as a general permission for poaching in Bavaria. The reform of the hunting law in 1849 restricted legal hunting to rich landowners and middle classes who could pay hunting fees, which led to disappointment among the general public, who continued to view poachers favourably.^{[dubious – discuss][16]} Some of the frontier regions, where smuggling was important, showed especially strong resistance to that development. In 1849, the Bavarian military forces were asked to occupy a number of municipalities on the frontier with Austria. Both in Wallgau (now part of Garmisch-Partenkirchen) and in Lackenhäuser, in the Bavarian forest, each household had to feed and accommodate one soldier for a month as part of a military mission to quell the disturbance. The people of Lackenhäuser had several skirmishes with Austrian foresters and military that started due to poached deer. The well-armed people set against the representatives of the state were known as bold poachers (kecke Wilderer).^[4]
Some poachers and their violent deaths, like Matthias Klostermayr (1736–1771), Georg Jennerwein (1848–1877) and Pius Walder (1952–1982) gained notoriety and have had a strong cultural impact, which has persisted until today.^[13] Poaching was used as a dare. It had a certain erotic connotation, as in Franz Schubert‘s Hunter’s love song, (1828, Schubert Thematic Catalogue 909). The lyrics of Franz von Schober connected unlimited hunting with the pursuit of love. Further poaching related legends and stories ranged from the 1821 opera Freischütz to Wolfgang Franz von Kobell‘s 1871 story about the Brandner Kasper, a Tegernsee locksmith and poacher who struck a special deal with the Grim Reaper.^[5]

While poachers had strong local support until the early 20th century, Walder’s case showed a significant change in attitudes. Urban citizens still had some sympathy for the hillbilly rebel, but the local community were much supportive.^[12]

United Kingdom[edit]

Poaching, like smuggling, has a long history in United Kingdom. The verb poach is derived from the Middle English word pocchen literally meaning bagged, enclosed in a bag, which is cognate with “pouch”.^[17][18]
Poaching was dispassionately reported for England in “Pleas of the Forest”, transgressions of the rigid Anglo-Norman forest law.^[19] William the Conqueror, who was a great lover of hunting, established and enforced a system of forest law. That operated outside the common law and served to protect game animals and their forest habitat from hunting by the common people of England and reserved hunting rights for the new French-speaking Anglo-Norman aristocracy. Henceforth, hunting of game in royal forests by commoners, or in other words poaching, was invariably punishable by death by hanging. In 1087, the poem “The Rime of King William“, contained in the Peterborough Chronicle, expressed English indignation at the severe new laws. Poaching was romanticised in literature from the time of the ballads of Robin Hood, as an aspect of the “greenwood” of Merry England. In one tale, Robin Hood is depicted as offering King Richard the Lion Heart venison from deer that was illegally hunted in the Sherwood Forest, the King overlooking the fact that this hunting was a capital offence. The widespread acceptance of the common criminal activity is encapsulated in the observation Non est inquirendum, unde venit venison (“It is not to be inquired, whence comes the venison”) that was made by Guillaume Budé in his Traitte de la vénerie.^[20] However, the English nobility and land owners were in the long term extremely successful in enforcing the modern concept of property, such as expressed in the enclosures of common land and later in the Highland Clearances, both of which were forced displacement of people from traditional land tenancies and erstwhile-common land. The 19th century saw the rise of acts of legislation, such as the Night Poaching Act 1828 and the Game Act 1831 in the United Kingdom, and various laws elsewhere.

United States[edit]

In North America, the blatant defiance of the laws by poachers escalated to armed conflicts with law authorities, including the Oyster Wars of the Chesapeake Bay and the joint US-British Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations of 1891 over the hunting of seals.

Violations of hunting laws and regulations concerning wildlife management, local or international wildlife conservation schemes constitute wildlife crimes that are typically punishable.^[21][22] The following violations and offenses are considered acts of poaching in the US:

• Hunting, killing or collecting wildlife that is listed as endangered by the IUCN and protected by law such as the Endangered Species Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and international treaties such as CITES.^[21]
• Fishing and hunting without a license.^[22][23]
• Capturing wildlife outside legal hours and outside the hunting season;^[21][22] usually the breeding season is declared as the closed season during which wildlife is protected by law.
• Prohibited use of machine guns, poison, explosives, snare traps, nets and pitfall traps.^[21]
• Other offenses of incorrect weaponry, such as the use of cartridge rifles in muzzleloader or archery season or in shotgun-only areas, or the killing of big game animals with insufficient firepower such as .22 Long Rifle rounds.
• Prohibited use of baiting with food, decoys or recorded calls in order to increase chances for shooting wildlife.^[21]
• Hunting from a moving vehicle or aircraft.^[21]
• Scouting game animals from an aircraft.
• Shining deer with a spotlight at night to impair its natural defenses and thus facilitate an easy kill is considered animal abuse.^[24] This hunting method is illegal in California, Virginia, Connecticut, Florida, Michigan, and Tennessee.^[21]
• Taking wildlife on land that is restricted, owned by, or licensed to somebody else.
• The animal or plant has been tagged by a researcher.
• Shooting an animal in a confined area (canned hunting).

Africa[edit]

Stephen Corry, the director of the human rights group Survival International, has argued that the term “poaching” has at times been used to criminalize the traditional subsistence techniques of indigenous peoples and to bar them from hunting on their ancestral lands when they are declared as wildlife-only zones.^[25] Corry argues that parks such as the Central Kalahari Game Reserve are managed for the benefit of foreign tourists and safari groups at the expense of the livelihoods of tribal peoples such as the Kalahari bushmen.^[26]

詳細については、次の URL をご覧ください。……

WordNet

日本語ワードネット1.1版 (C) 情報通信研究機構, 2009-2010 License
WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. License

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Overview

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History

Until the 20th century most poaching was subsistence poaching—i.e., the taking of game or fish by impoverished peasants to augment a scanty diet. In medieval Europe feudal landowners from the king downward stringently enforced their exclusive rights to hunt and fish on the lands they owned, and poaching was a serious crime punishable by imprisonment. Large stretches of forested countryside were subject to special laws to preserve the deer, wild boars, and other beasts of the chase who provided the nobles and royalty with sport. With the destruction of forests over the centuries and the taking of communal or royally owned lands into private use, laws were passed in the 17th and 18th centuries restricting hunting and shooting rights on private property to the landowner and his sons, and the practice of hiring gamekeepers to protect the wildlife on privately held land became common. Given these obstacles, subsistence poaching necessarily became a more specialized activity; during the 18th and 19th centuries gangs of organized poachers often engaged in fierce battles against gamekeepers, and mantraps and spring guns were hidden in the underbrush to catch intruders.

This article was most recently revised and updated by Melissa Petruzzello.

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