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philippines, 2022-10-18, Philippines hold joint military drills with US, (13 Oct 2022)
RESTRICTION SUMMARY:
ASSOCIATED PRESS
Capas, Tarlac Province – 13 October 2022
1. Various of HIMARS (High Mobility Artillery Rocker System) firing rockets
2. Various of U.S. Marines operating truck mounted launchers
3. Various of marines walking beside truck
4. Truck mounted launcher crossing stream of water
5. Various of U.S. Marines firing howitzer
6. U.S. Marines guarding perimeter with machine gun
7. Wide of U.S. Marines communications officer Oscar Castro speaking to reporters
8. SOUNDBITE (English) Oscar Castro, 1st Lieutenant, U.S. Marines communications officer:
“So, what you just observed was 8 rounds of HIMARS, that was followed by approximately thirty-five minutes of suppression, the USMC (U.S. Marine Corps.) fired 155’s (Howitzers) that were then followed by the Philippine Marine Corps. firing their 155’s.”
9. Reporter asking question
10. SOUNDBITE (English) Oscar Castro, 1st Lieutenant, U.S. Marines communications officer:
“The main objectives of this CALFEX, Combined Arms Live Fire Exercis,. was that the Marine Corps. is testing and enhancing their capabilities in a bilateral cooperation with the Philippine Marine Corps., as you know we have a long-lasting friendship with the Philippine Marine Corps. and this just enables us to cooperate and work together to enhance our capabilities.”
11. Army helicopters hovering during combat drill  
STORYLINE:
Truck-mounted launchers blasted off rockets Thursday and U.S. stealth fighter jets streaked across the northern Philippine sky in a combat drill and latest display of American firepower in a region where Washington has tried to deter what it warns as China’s growing aggression.
The live-fire exercises in a gunnery and bombing range in a desolate valley in Capas town in Tarlac province north of Manila was the highlight of two weeks of combat readiness maneuvers, which included mock amphibious assaults and joint coastal defense tactics involving more than 2,500 American and Philippine marines.
Howitzer artillery shots boomed across the dusty valley hemmed in by a mountain range and hills from U.S. and Philippine marine fire positions, some concealed by camouflage tents.
America’s High-Mobility Artillery Rocket System or HIMARS rocket launchers, which have recently helped Ukraine gain momentum in its war with Russia, and F-35B supersonic fighter jets, were showcased in the exercises on Wednesday and Thursday.
U.S. Marines communications officer Oscar Castro said the drills enhanced bilateral cooperation between American and Philippine marines.
The combat maneuvers, however, were being held at a time when Washington has more sternly warned Beijing against its increasingly hostile actions against Taiwan and rival claimant states in the South China Sea.
AP video shot by Joeal Calupitan
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Etymology

Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte and Samar “Felipinas” after Philip II of Spain, then the Prince of Asturias. Eventually the name “Las Islas Filipinas” would be used to cover the archipelago’s Spanish possessions. Before Spanish rule was established, other names such as Islas del Poniente (Islands of the West) and Ferdinand Magellan’s name for the islands, San Lázaro, were also used by the Spanish to refer to islands in the region.^{[17][18][19][20]}

During the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the period of the Spanish–American War (1898) and the Philippine–American War (1899–1902) until the Commonwealth period (1935–1946), American colonial authorities referred to the country as The Philippine Islands, a translation of the Spanish name.^[21] The United States began the process of changing the reference to the country from The Philippine Islands to The Philippines, specifically when it was mentioned in the Philippine Autonomy Act or the Jones Law.^[22] The full official title, Republic of the Philippines, was included in the 1935 constitution as the name of the future independent state,^[23] it is also mentioned in all succeeding constitutional revisions.^[24][25]

詳細については、次の URL をご覧ください。……

Historical names[edit]

In addition to the Philippines, the archipelago of a country has historically had numerous other names.

• Ma-i. According to the Zhao Rugua‘s (趙汝适) book Zhu Fan Zhi (诸蕃志/諸蕃誌) written around the 13th century during the Song Dynasty, there was a group of islands found in southern South China Sea called Ma-i (麻逸, Hokkien POJ: Mâ-i̍t, Mandarin Pinyin: Máyì). The islands groups were later invaded and renamed and identified by the Spanish to be the island of Mindoro.^[4] This was further proved by Ferdinand Blumentritt in his 1882 book, Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen (An Attempt to the Study of Ethnography of the Philippines) that Ma-i was the Chinese local name of present-day Mindoro. On the other hand, historians claimed that Ma-i was not an island, but all the south of South Sea islands groups and Manila itself,^[6] which was known to be an overseas Chinese settlement which was in constant contact with the Chinese mainland as early as the 9th century AD.^[7]
  • Ma-i consists of the 三洲 (Hokkien POJ: Sam-chiu, Mandarin Pinyin: Sānzhōu, lit. “Three islands”) group of islands: Kia-ma-yen (卡拉棉, Hokkien POJ: Khá-la-miân, Mandarin Pinyin: Kǎlāmián, “Calamian“), 巴拉望 (Hokkien POJ: Pa-la-bāng, Mandarin Pinyin: Bālāwàng, “Palawan“) and Pa-ki-nung (布桑加, Hokkien POJ: Pò͘-song-ka, Mandarin Pinyin: Bùsāngjiā, “Busuanga“).
    • Aside from 三洲, Ma-i also consists of the islands of Pai-p’u-yen (巴布延, Hokkien POJ: Pa-pò͘-iân, Mandarin Pinyin: Bābùyán, “Babuyan“), P’u-li-lu (波利略, Hokkien POJ: Po-lī-lio̍k, Mandarin Pinyin: Bōlìlüè, “Polillo“), Lim-kia-tung (林加延, Hokkien POJ: Lîm-ka-iân, Mandarin Pinyin: Línjiāyán, “Lingayen“), Liu-sung (呂宋, Hokkien POJ: Lū-sòng, Mandarin Pinyin: Lǚsòng, “Luzon“) and Li-ban (盧邦, Hokkien POJ: Lô͘-pang, Mandarin Pinyin: Lúbāng, “Lubang“).^[9] It was said that these islands had contacts with Chinese traders from Canton (Guangdong) as early as 982 AD.^[6]
  • Liusung (呂宋, Hokkien POJ: Lū-sòng, Mandarin Pinyin: Lǚsòng) was the name given by the Chinese to the present-day island of Luzon. It originated from the Tagalog word lusong, a wooden mortar that is used to pound rice. When the Spanish produced maps of the Philippines during the early 17th century, they called the island Luçonia which was later respelled as Luzonia, then Luzon.^[10]
• Las islas de San Lázaro (St. Lazarus’ Islands). Named by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 when he reached the islands of Homonhon in Samar (now Eastern Samar) on the feast day of Saint Lazarus of Bethany.^[4]
• Las islas de Poniente (Islands to the West). Another name from Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 when he learned that the Las islas de San Lázaro also included Cebu and Leyte islands.^[11] However, various sources claimed that Magellan was not the one who renamed the area, but his chroniclers instead. The name came from the fact that the islands were reached from Spain en route approaching the left part of the globe.^[4] Conversely, the Portuguese called the archipelago Ilhas do oriente (Islands to the East) because they approached the islands from the east of Portugal in the late 1540s.^[12]
  • The Portuguese referred the whole island of Luzon as ilhas Luções, or Luzones Islands.^[12]
  • Mindanao was formerly called ilhas de Liquíos Celebes because of the existence of Celebes Sea south of Mindanao.^[12]

• Las islas Felipinas (Philippine Islands/Islands belonging to Philip). Named by Ruy López de Villalobos in 1543 to Samar and Leyte, honoring the Prince of Asturias, the then Philip II of Spain.^[13][14]
  • Caesarea Caroli was the name given by Villalobos to the island of Mindanao when he reached the sea near it. This was named after Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (and I of Spain).^[15][16][17]
  • The southern island of Sarangani was renamed by Villalobos as Antonia, in honor of Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco, the Viceroy of New Spain who commissioned Villalobos expedition to the Philippines.^[14]
  • Villalobos also named the littoral zone between the islands of Samar and Leyte as Tendaya.^[18]
• Las islas Filipinas, or simply Filipinas (Philippines). Vernacular corruption of Las islas Felipenas; irrevocably became the archipelago‘s name.^[4]
• Pearl of the Orient/Pearl of the Orient Seas (Spanish: Perla de oriente/Perla del mar de oriente) is the sobriquet of the Philippines. The term originated from the idea of Spanish Jesuit missionary Fr. Juan J. Delgado in 1751.^[19] In his last poem Mi último adiós, Dr. José Rizal referred the country with this name.^[20] In the 1960 revision of Lupang Hinirang, the Philippine national anthem, the Tagalog version of this phrase was included as the translation from the original Spanish.^[21]

• The Philippine Islands. This was the anglicized form of the original Spanish name, used under direct American rule and the succeeding Commonwealth Era.^[24]

Disputed[edit]

• Maniolas. According to Fr. Francisco Colin in 1663, a Jesuit cleric and an early historian of the Philippines, Maniolas was the name used by Claudius Ptolemy to refer to the group of islands south of China (i.e. Luzon).^[24][25] Colin quoted Ptolemy’s writings speaking about the Maniolas islands, which is probably Manila. This theory was further supported by José Rizal and Pedro A. Paterno. Rizal also said that the country was recorded to Ptolemy’s maps when a sailor named Hippalus told him the existence of “beautiful islands” in southeastern Far East.^[12][26] However, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera rejected this notion on his 1910 book, Notas para una cartografia de Filipinas (Notes for the Philippine Cartography).^[27]
• Baroussai. Along with Maniolas is the Baroussai which was also quoted from Ptolemy. Barrousai is believed to be the Visayas with Mindanao, thus, composing majority of the now Philippine archipelago.^[28][29] Some scholars however have identified Baroussai with Barus in Sumatra.^[30][31]
• Ophir (Hebrew: אוֹפִיר) is a region of islands mentioned in the Bible, most famous for its wealth. Accounts mention that King Solomon received the riches of the region every three years. At the emergence of the hydrography of Spanish colonies in Asia in the early 17th century, Dominican Gregorio García wrote that Ophir was indeed located in the Moluccas and the Philippines.^[32] In 1609, Juan de Pineda wrote a diverse collection of literature relating Biblical accounts of Solomon, Ophir and the islands.^[32] Former Prime Minister Pedro A. Paterno said in one of his works on conjectural anthropology that Ophir is the Philippines because the scented wood Solomon received from Ophir also exists in the Islands.^[33] This notion was however, later dismissed by modern historians as merely alluding and comparing the Philippines’ position to the Spanish economy with that of Ophir to Solomon’s kingdom—the sudden discovery and colonisation of the Islands bringing wealth and prosperity to the realm.^[34]
• Tawalisi, was an ancient kingdom in Southeast Asia reached by explorer Ibn Battuta. He reached the kingdom when he left Sumatra and headed towards China. According to the historical accounts of the explorer, he met Urduja, a legendary warrior princess from Pangasinan. However, according to William Henry Scott, Tawilisi and its warrior-princess Urduja are “fabulous, fairy-tale, fiction”.^[35]

詳細については、次の URL をご覧ください。……

Spanish colonialization[edit]

Background[edit]

The Spaniards had been exploring the Philippines since the early 16th century. Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese navigator in charge of a Spanish expedition to circumnavigate the globe, was killed by warriors of datu Lapulapu at the Battle of Mactan. In 1543, Ruy López de Villalobos arrived at the islands of Leyte and Samar and named them Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain, at the time Prince of Asturias.^[3] Philip became King of Spain on January 16, 1556, when his father, Charles I of Spain (who also reigned as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor), abdicated the Spanish throne. Philip was in Brussels at the time and his return to Spain was delayed until 1559 because of European politics and wars in northern Europe. Shortly after his return to Spain, Philip ordered an expedition mounted to the Spice Islands, stating that its purpose was “to discover the islands of the west”.^[4] In reality its task was to conquer the Philippines for Spain.^[5] The population of Luzon and the Visayas at the time of the first Spanish missions is estimated as between 1 and 1.5 million, overall density being low.^[6]

Conquest under Philip II[edit]

King Philip II of Spain, whose name has remained attached to the islands, ordered and oversaw the conquest and colonization of the Philippines. On November 19 or 20, 1564 a Spanish expedition of a mere 500 men led by Miguel López de Legazpi departed Barra de Navidad (modern Mexican state of Jalisco) in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, arriving off Cebu on February 13, 1565, conquering it despite Cebuano opposition.^{[7]: 77 [8][9]: 20–23} More than 15,000 soldiers arrived from New Spain as new migrants during the 17th century, far outnumbering civilian arrivals. Most of these soldiers were criminals and young boys rather than men of character.^[a][10] Hardship for the colonizing soldiers contributed to looting and enslavement, despite the entreaties of representatives of the church who accompanied them. In 1568, the Spanish Crown permitted the establishment of the encomienda system that it was abolishing in the New World, effectively legalizing a more oppressive conquest. Although slavery had been abolished in the Spanish Empire, it was allowed to continue in some forms in the Philippines due to its already present use on the islands.^[11]

Due to conflict with the Portuguese, who blockaded Cebu in 1568, and persistent supply shortages,^[12] in 1569 Legazpi transferred to Panay and founded a second settlement on the bank of the Panay River. In 1570 Legazpi sent his grandson, Juan de Salcedo, who had arrived from Mexico in 1567, to Mindoro to punish the Muslim Moro pirates who had been plundering Panay villages. Salcedo also destroyed forts on the islands of Ilin and Lubang, respectively south and northwest of Mindoro.^[7]: 79
In 1570, Martín de Goiti, having been dispatched by Legazpi to Luzon, conquered the Kingdom of Maynila. Legazpi followed with a larger fleet comprising both Spanish and a majority Visayan force,^[7]: 79-80 taking a month to bring these forces to bear due to slow speed of local ships.^[13] This large force caused the surrender of neighboring Tondo. An attempt by some local leaders to defeat the Spanish was repelled. Legazpi renamed Manila Nueva Castilla, and declared it the capital of the Philippines,^[7]: 80 and thus of the entire Spanish East Indies,^[14] which also encompassed Spanish territories in Asia and the Pacific.^[15][16] Legazpi became the country’s first governor-general.

Though the fledgling Legazpi-led administration was initially small and vulnerable to elimination by Portuguese and Chinese invaders, the merging of the Spanish and Portuguese crowns under the Iberian Union of 1580-1640 helped make permanent the mutual recognition of Spanish claim to the Philippines as well as Portugal’s claim to the Spice Islands (Mollucas).^[17]

In 1573, Japan expanded its trade in northern Luzon.^{[18][failed verification]} In 1580, the Japanese lord Tay Fusa established the independent Wokou Tay Fusa state in non-colonial Cagayan.^[19] When the Spanish arrived in the area, they subjugated the new kingdom, resulting in 1582 Cagayan battles.^[20] With time, Cebu’s importance fell as power shifted north to Luzon.^{[citation needed]}In the late 16th century the population of Manila grew even as the population of Spanish settlements in the Visayas decreased.^[21]
In time, the Spanish successfully took over the different local states one by one.^[22] Under Spanish rule, disparate barangays were deliberately consolidated into towns, where Catholic missionaries were more easily able to convert the inhabitants to Christianity.^[23][24] The missionaries converted most of the lowland inhabitants to Christianity.^[25] They also founded schools, a university, hospitals, and churches.^[26] To defend their settlements, the Spaniards constructed and manned a network of military fortresses across the archipelago.^[27] Slavery was also abolished. As a result of these policies the Philippine population increased exponentially.^{[28][better source needed][29]}

Spanish rule brought most of what is now the Philippines into a single unified administration.^[30][31] From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as part of the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain, later administered from Madrid following the Mexican War of Independence.^[32] Administration of the Philippine islands were considered a drain on the economy of Spain,^[33] and there were debates about abandoning it or trading it for some other territory. However, this was opposed for a number of reasons, including economic potential, security, and the desire to continue religious conversion in the islands and the surrounding region.^[34][35] The Philippines survived on an annual subsidy provided by the Spanish Crown,^[33] which averaged 250,000 pesos^[36] and was usually paid through the provision of 75 tons of silver bullion being sent from Spanish America on the Manila galleons.^[37] Financial constraints meant the 200-year-old fortifications in Manila did not see significant change after being first built by the early Spanish colonizers.^[38]

Some Japanese ships visited the Philippines in the 1570s in order to export Japanese silver and import Philippine gold. Later, increasing imports of silver from New World sources resulted in Japanese exports to the Philippines shifting from silver to consumer goods. In the 1570s, the Spanish traders were troubled to some extent by Japanese pirates, but peaceful trading relations were established between the Philippines and Japan by 1590.^[39] Japan’s kampaku (regent) Toyotomi Hideyoshi, demanded unsuccessfully on several occasions that the Philippines submit to Japan’s suzerainty.^[40]

On February 8, 1597, King Philip II, near the end of his 42-year reign, issued a Royal Cedula instructing Francisco de Tello de Guzmán, then Governor-General of the Philippines to fulfill the laws of tributes and to provide for restitution of ill-gotten taxes taken from indigenous Filipinos. The decree was published in Manila on August 5, 1598. King Philip died on September 13, just forty days after the publication of the decree, but his death was not known in the Philippines until middle of 1599, by which time a referendum by which indigenous Filipinos would acknowledge Spanish rule was underway. With the completion of the Philippine referendum of 1599, Spain could be said to have established legitimate sovereignty over the Philippines.^[41]

During the initial period of colonialization, Manila was settled by 1,200 Spanish families.^[42] In Cebu City, at the Visayas, the settlement received a total of 2,100 soldier-settlers from New Spain (Mexico).^[43] Spanish forces included soldiers from elsewhere in New Spain, many of whom deserted and intermingled with the wider population.^[44][45][46] Though they collectively had significant impact on Filipino society, assimilation erased prior caste differences between them and, in time, the importance of their national origin.^[47][48][49]
However, according to genetic studies, the Philippines remained largely unaffected by admixture with Europeans, the Spanish in general, and the majority of Filipinos are native Austronesians^[50]
Spain maintained in towns and cities.^[51] At the immediate south of Manila, Mexicans were present at Ermita^[52] and at Cavite,^[53] where they were stationed as sentries. In addition, men conscripted from Peru, were also sent to settle Zamboanga City in Mindanao, to wage war upon Muslim defenders.^[54] There were also communities of Spanish-Mestizos that developed in Iloilo,^[55] Negros^[56] and Vigan.^[57] Interactions between indigenous Filipinos and immigrant Spaniards plus Latin-Americans eventually caused the formation of a new language, Chavacano, a creole of Mexican Spanish.They depended on the Galleon Trade for a living. In the later years of the 18th century, Governor-General José Basco introduced economic reforms that gave the colony its first significant internal source income from the production of tobacco and other agricultural exports. In this later period, agriculture was finally opened to the European population, which before was reserved only for indigenous Filipinos.
During its rule, Spain quelled various indigenous revolts,^[58] as well as defending against external military challenges.^{[33][59][failed verification]} The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the Reconquista.^[60] War against the Dutch from the West, in the 17th century, together with conflict with the Muslims in the South nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury.^[61] Moros from western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago also raided the coastal Christian areas of Luzon and the Visayas. Settlers had to fight off the Chinese pirates (who lay siege to Manila, the most famous of which was Limahong in 1573).

詳細については、次の URL をご覧ください。……

General reference[edit]

• Pronunciation:
• Abbreviations: PH or PHL
• Common English country name: Philippines, the Philippines
• Official English country name: Republic of the Philippines
• Common endonyms: Philippines, Pilipinas, Pinas (informal)
• Official endonym: Republic of the Philippines, Republika ng Pilipinas
• Common exonyms: the Philippines, the Philippine Islands (archaic)
• Adjectivals: Philippine, Filipino
• Demonyms: Filipino (masculine or neutral; among others), Filipina (feminine)
• Etymology: named after Philip II of Spain
• International rankings of the Philippines
• ISO country codes: PH, PHL, 608
• ISO region codes: See ISO 3166-2:PH
• Internet country code top-level domain: .ph

Geography of the Philippines[edit]

• The Philippines is: an archipelagic megadiverse island country
• Location:
  • Northern Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere
    • Eurasia
      • Asia
        • Southeast Asia
          • Maritime Southeast Asia
  • Time zone: Philippine Standard Time (UTC+08)
  • Extreme points of the Philippines
    • North: Mavulis (Y’Ami) Island, Itbayat, Batanes 21°7′18.41″N 121°56′48.79″E / 21.1217806°N 121.9468861°E
    • South: Frances Reef, Sitangkai, Tawi-Tawi 4°24′53.84″N 119°14′50.71″E / 4.4149556°N 119.2474194°E
    • East: Pusan Point, Caraga, Davao Oriental 7°17′19.80″N 126°36′18.16″E / 7.2888333°N 126.6050444°E
    • West: Balabac Great Reef, Balabac, Palawan 7°54′36.35″N 116°53′16.64″E / 7.9100972°N 116.8879556°E
      • Subject to territorial dispute: Thitu Island, Kalayaan, Palawan 11°3′N 114°17′E / 11.050°N 114.283°E
    • High: Mount Apo 2,954 m (9,692 ft)
    • Low: Philippine Sea and South China Sea 0 m (0 ft)
  • Land boundaries: none
• Coastline: 36,289 km (22,549 mi) – 5th longest coastline
• Population: 109,035,343 (2020 census) 13th most populous country
• Area: 300,000 km² (120,000 sq mi) – 72nd most extensive country
• Atlas of the Philippines
• Cities in the Philippines by population

Environment of the Philippines[edit]

• Beaches of the Philippines
• Climate of the Philippines
• Environmental issues in the Philippines
• Ecoregions in the Philippines
• Renewable energy in the Philippines
• Geology of the Philippines
• Headlands of the Philippines
• National Parks of the Philippines
• Protected areas of the Philippines
• Wildlife of the Philippines
  • Flora of the Philippines
  • Fauna of the Philippines
    • Birds of the Philippines
      • List of endemic birds of the Philippines
    • Mammals of the Philippines
    • List of endangered species of the Philippines

Geographic features of the Philippines[edit]

• Bays of the Philippines
• Islands of the Philippines
• Island groups of the Philippines
• Lakes in the Philippines
  • Laguna de Bay
  • Lake Bato
  • Lake Buluan
  • Lake Lanao
  • Lake Lumao
  • Lake Mainit
  • Naujan Lake
  • Taal Lake
• Mountains of the Philippines
  • Chocolate Hills
  • Cordillera Central
  • Mount Apo
  • Mount Arayat
  • Mount Banahaw
  • Mount Halcon
  • Mount Hibok-Hibok
  • Mount Iriga
  • Mount Isarog
  • Mount Madja-as
  • Mount Makiling
  • Mount Malepunyo
  • Mount Pinatubo
  • Mount Pulag
  • Mount Sembrano
  • Sierra Madre Mountains
  • Zambales Mountains
  • Volcanoes of the Philippines
    • Active volcanoes in the Philippines
    • Potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines
    • Inactive volcanoes in the Philippines
• Rivers of the Philippines
  • Agno River
  • Agusan River
  • Angat River
  • Bicol River
  • Cagayan River
  • Marikina River
  • Pampanga River
  • Pasig River
  • Sibagat River
  • Wawa River
• Waterfalls of the Philippines
• World Heritage Sites in the Philippines
• Peninsulas of the Philippines

Island groups of the Philippines[edit]

• Luzon
• Visayas
• Mindanao

Administrative divisions of the Philippines[edit]

Regions of the Philippines[edit]

Provinces of the Philippines[edit]

Cities of the Philippines[edit]

Municipalities of the Philippines[edit]

Barangays of the Philippines[edit]

Demographics of the Philippines[edit]

Climate of the Philippines[edit]

詳細については、次の URL をご覧ください。……

Government[edit]

A city’s local government is headed by a mayor elected by popular vote. The vice mayor serves as the presiding officer of the Sangguniang Panlungsod (city council), which serves as the city’s legislative body. Upon receiving their charters, cities also receive a full complement of executive departments to better serve their constituents. Some departments are established on a case-by-case basis, depending on the needs of the city.

Offices and officials common to all cities[edit]

Source: Local Government Code of 1991.^[1]

詳細については、次の URL をご覧ください。……

概要[編集]

フィリピン諸島は、フィリピン海を挟んで日本とパラオ、バシー海峡を挟んで台湾、スールー海を挟んでマレーシア、セレベス海を挟んでインドネシア、南シナ海を挟んで中国およびベトナムと向かい。南シナ海のスプラトリー諸島の一部を実効支配しており（パグアサ島など）、全体の領有権や領海・排他的経済水域を巡っては中国、ベトナム、台湾、マレーシアと対立を抱える。

同国は81の州と1の首都地域で構成され、最小行政単位はバランガイ（Barangay）で42,027にのぼる。

国名のフィリピンは16世紀の旧宗主国のスペイン皇太子フェリペ（後のフェリペ2世国王）の名前から命名された。

詳細については、次の URL をご覧ください。……

英和・和英検索をもっと便利に

アプリならすべてのサービスを
ご利用いただけます。

詳細については、次の URL をご覧ください。……

PH Startup Week 2022 November 14-18: HOMEGROWN HEROES: Cultivating Future Tech Giants

The largest Startup Conference in the Philippines will bring together local and international startup community on 14 – 18 November 2022 through a hybrid format. […]

詳細については、次の URL をご覧ください。……

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